Wind Turbine

   

                       

                       Wind turbine

》A turbine is a device that convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power.
》Conventional horizontal axis turbine can be divided into three component
a) The rotor component, includes the Blade for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy.
b) The generatorcomponent, includes the electrical generator the control electronics , and most likely a gearbox
c) The structural support component , includes the tower etc.
》Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger 

Types of Wind turbines

Horizontal axis Wind Turbine :- that turbines are being parallel to the ground, the axis of blade rotation is parallel to the wind flow.

Vertical axis Wind turbines :- Its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular the ground.

Applications

》 Our small wind turbines are used in a variety of industries and applications , including marine application , off grid systems.
》Industrial application including road signage, remote telemetry , mobile base station and for houses , school and farms .

Francis Turbine

Francis Turbine

》The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Franceis and are used for medium head (45-400m) and medium discharge. (10-700m3/s)
》The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid .
》the turbine's exit tube is shaped to help deccelerate the water flow and recover the pressure.
》Water flow in radial from exterior to interior .

Applications

》Francis type unit cover a head range from 40-600m (130-2000ft)
》Its efficiency decrease as flow decrease.
》They may be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large electrical motor during period of low power demand .

Crossflow Turbine

Cross flow Turbine 

It is developed by Anthony Michel , in 1903 and is used for low heads (10-70meters) 

》As with water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it leave on the opposite side .
》Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.
》The cross-flow turbine is a low speed machine that is well suited for location with a low a head but high flow.
Applications
》The peak efficeincy af a cross-flow trubine is somewhat less then a kaplon ,francis or pelton tirbine
》It has a low price ,and good regulation.
》As water going through the runner twice ,provide additional efficiency.
》Cross-flow turbine are mostly used in mini and micro hydropower units .
》Its good point as when the water leave the runner, it also help clean the runner of small debris and pollution.

Reaction turbine
》 In a reaction turbine , forces driving the rotor are achieved by the reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while the pressure drops. the reaction principle can be observed in a  rotary  lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drive the rotor in the opposite direction .
》In the reaction turbine torque developed by reacting to the fluids pressure. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades.

Types of Reaction Turbines
¤ Kaplan Turbine
¤ Francis Turbine
¤ Kinetic Turbine

》The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low head and high discharges.
》It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan .
》The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and give up its energy .
》The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spiral on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin.
The Kaplan  turbine having drop height 10-700m and flow rate 4-55m3/s

Applications
》 Kaplan turbine are widely used throughout the world for electrical power production . They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions
》Inexpensive micro turbines on the kaplan turbine model are manufactured for individual power production with as little as two feet of head.
》Large Kaplan turbine are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%. They are very expensive to design , manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

Types of turbine and its Utilization

What is a turbine
turbine  is a Rotary mechanical device that extract energy from a fast moving flow of water gas air or other fluid and convert into useful work
A turbine is a turbo machine at least one moving parts called a rotor assembly which is a shft or drum with blades attached
Moving fluid at On The Blade so that they move and impart rotational energy to Rotor

Working Principle
The working principle is very much simple
When the fluid strike the Blades of the turbine the blades are displaced which produce rotational energy
When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power

Basic types of turbine

✔Water turbine
✔Steam turbine
✔Gas turbine
✔Wind turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines their specific designs different sufficiently to merit separate description

Water Turbine

✔Impulse turbines
✔Reaction turbines

Impulse turbine
》In an impulse turbine fast moving fluid is fired through narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around
》 The Blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket shape so they catch the fluid and direct it off at an angle
》 In an impulse turbine the fluid is post to write the turbine at high speed

Types of impulse turbines
🔘Pelton turbine
🔘Cross flow turbine

Pelton wheel

🔘   These are usually used for hi head low flow power plants
🔘    It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870
🔘   Nozzle are direct  forcefull  high speed stream of water against a Rotary series okpunjab bucket also known as impulse blades which are mounted around the circumferential Rim of a driver Wheel also called a runner.
🔘  As the water jet hit the  bucket blades the direction of water velocity is changed to no the contours of the bucket.
🔘   Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and Wheel system spinning the wheel the water stream itself does a U turn and exit at the outer side of the bucket.
🔘   Pelton wheel operate best with drop height (50-200m) and flow rate is (4-15m3/s)

Applications

🔘 Pelton wheel are the preferred turbine for hydro- power , when the available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rate
🔘 Pelton wheel are made in all size . For maximum power and efficiency , the wheel and turbine system is designed such that the water  jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets.
🔘There exist in multi ton pelton wheel mounted on vertical oil pad bearing in hydraulic power .